Eduqas Chemistry for A Level Year 2: Student Bk

9 PI4.1 Enthalpy changes for solids and solutions Standard enthalpy changes including atomisation, hydration, solution, lattice formation and breaking. Linking the solubility of ionic compounds to enthalpy changes of lattice breaking and hydration. Building and using Born–Haber cycles for ionic compounds. Linking the stability of compounds to the sign of the standard enthalpy of formation. p58 PI4.2 Entropy and feasibility of reactions The meaning of entropy. How the entropy of a material depends on its physical state. Calculating entropy changes for chemical reactions. Calculating Gibbs free energy values and using these to identify whether reactions are feasible. p67 PI5.1 Equilibrium constants Write expressions for K c and K p and relate the values of these to the position of equilibrium. The effect of temperature of the values of K c and K p . Calculating the values of K c and K p from the concentrations or partial pressures of substances. Calculating the concentrations or partial pressures of substances using the values of K c and K p . p71 PI5.2 Acid-base equilibria The Lowry–Bronsted theory of acids and bases. Strong and weak acids and bases and the values of K a for these. The ionic product of water, K w , and its use in calculations. Calculating pH for strong and weak acids and for strong bases. The shapes of titration curves for strong and weak acids and bases. How buffers work and their importance in living things and industry. Calculating the pH of a buffer solution. The hydrolysis of salts of weak acids or bases. The selection of appropriate indicators for acid-base titrations. p77