WJEC Biology for A2: Student Bk

Published in 2016 by Illuminate Publishing Ltd, P.O. Box 1160, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire GL50 9RW Orders: Please visit www.illuminatepublishing.com or email sales@illuminatepublishing.com © Marianne Izen The moral rights of the author have been asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-908682-51-2 Printed by: Cambrian Printers, Aberystwyth. 06.16 The publisher’s policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products made from wood grown in sustainable forests. The logging and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders of material produced in this book. If notified, the publisher will be pleased to rectify any errors or omissions at the earliest opportunity. This material has been endorsed by WJEC and offers high quality support for the delivery of WJEC qualifications. While this material has been through a WJEC quality assurance process, all responsibility for the content remains with the publisher. Examination questions are reproduced by permission fromWJEC Editor: Geoff Tuttle Design: Nigel Harriss Layout: Neil Sutton, Cambridge Design Consultants Cover image: Shutterstock: Aqua Images Image Credits: © Alamy: p179: blickwinkel; p219: Nigel Cattlin; p287, 308, 309: BSIP SA. © iStock: p100(l):AndyRoland; p106: pilipenkoD; p115(t): thp73; p137: PaulCowan; p185: ElementalImaging; p186:Whiteway (Horse chestnut), kiorio (Burdock); p227(t): Elena Elisseeva; p262: stockdevil; p269: Scharvik; p292: muratseyit; p293: JFalcetti; p312: Mihai Andritoiu; p313: BanksPhotos; p322: Liz Leyden; p323: JohnCarnemolla. © Fotolia: p101(l): ijacky; p177: Roman Samokhin; p186(Thrush):Erni; p186(pea pod): Denis Tabler; p188: BogdanWankowicz; p192(l): emer; p193: Christian Pedant; p212: zuzanaa. © Shutterstock: p32(r): Gingo_o; p32(l): Morten Normann Almeland; p34: Morten Normann Almeland; p39: Jill pk; p55: dreamerb; p76:Villiers Steyn; p82: dreamerb; p84: Christopher Kolaczan; p91: Ihervas; p97(r): Ozja; p97(l): Panaiotidi; p98:TCreativeMedia; p100(tr): Chris G. 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Bolton; p232: Boris15; p233: Linda Bucklin; p235: science photo; p238: toeytoey; p240:Vit Kovalcik; p241: extender_01; p249: oticki; p266(tl): Kletr; p266(tr): toeytoey; p271: Designua; p279: Jubal Harshaw; p280:Anna Jurkovska; p281: Jose Luis Calvo; p285: Jose Luis Calvo; p286: sciencepics; p291: Hein Nouwens; p292(tl): Praisaeng; p292(tr): fred Goldstein; p293: stihii; p294(tr): RomanYa; p294(tl): doctorkan; p294(bl): Samuel Cohen; p294(bc): Puwadol Jaturawutthichai; p295: frescomovie; p296(tr): Sebastian Kaulitzki; p296(l):Alila Medical Media; p296(br):Alila Medical Media; p297:Alila Medical Media; p300(t): joshya; p300(b): La Gorda; p304: joshya; p307(t): Matthew Cole; p307(b): Designua; p308: Puwadol Jaturawutthichai; p311(t):Alila Medical Media; p311(bl): KPG_Payless; p311(br): SvedOliver; p312: xpixel; p317: Belozorova Elena; p319(t): Emi; p319(b): jack perks; p320: JSseng; p321: Pim Leijen; p324: BlueRingMedia; p325(t): Gil.K; p325(bl): Carlos Romero; p325(br): Larry Bruce; p326: Olivier Le Moal; p327: Igor Stramyk; p329: Mark Yarchoan. © Science Photo Library: p25: Dr. Kenneth R. Miller; p35: Nigel Cattlin; p61: Martin Shields; p89: Biophoto Associates; p123(l):Thomas Deerinck, NCMIR; p123(r): Dr. Donald Fawcett,Visuals Unlimited; p141: Science Pictures Limited; p142:WimVan Egmond,Visuals Unlimited; p156: Steve Gschmeissner; p163(b): Biophoto Associates; p165: D. Phillips; p206: Dept. of Clinical Cytogenetics,Addenbrooks Hospital; p263(t): Eye of Science; p263(b): Dr Linda Stannard, UCT; p281: Medical Images, Universal Images Group; p286: Molly Borman; p294: Zephyr; p295: Ciepro; p309: Peter Gardiner; p312: Pr Michel Zanca, ISM; p318: Omikron. © p56:Ytambe(Wikipedia Commons) © p70(l): Dr. M. Cheek, RBG Kew © p131:WJEC A Level 1074/02 Human Biology – HB4, January 2014 © p218(r+l): Olaf Leillinger © p266: www.celtnet.org.uk/medicine/malaria.ph © p293(l,c): www.studyblue.com © p70(r), 154, 213(all): Dr M S Izen Acknowledgements The author wishes to thank Dr Colin Blake, Dr Meic Morgan and Andrew Clarke for their advice in the preparation of this book, Dr Martin Cheek for the photograph of Salacia arenicola .