WJEC Physics for A2: Student Bk

Published in 2016 by Illuminate Publishing Ltd, P.O Box 1160, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire GL50 9RW Orders: Please visit www.illuminatepublishing.com or email sales@illuminatepublishing.com © Gareth Kelly, Nigel Wood The moral rights of the authors have been asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-908682-59-8 Printed by Cambrian printers, Aberystwyth 08.16 The publisher’s policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products made from wood grown in sustainable forests. The logging and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders of material reproduced in this book. If notified, the publishers will be pleased to rectify any errors or omissions at the earliest opportunity. This material has been endorsed by WJEC and offers high quality support for the delivery of WJEC qualifications. While this material has been through a WJEC quality assurance process, all responsibility for the content remains with the publisher. WJEC examination questions are reproduced by permission from WJEC Editor: Geoff Tuttle Design: Nigel Harriss Layout: EMC Design Ltd, Bedford Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Keith Jones, for his eagle eyes in spotting mistakes and for his many insightful suggestions. One of the authors (GK) also thanks Penglais school, Aberystwyth, for allowing him the use of a physics laboratory. Major thanks to the long-suffering wives of both authors who had been labouring under the delusion that their partners had retired! Cover Image: © Pavel L Photo and Video/Shutterstock Image credits: p. 10 (top) Christian Bertrand/Shutterstock; p. 10 (center) Martyn Goddard/ Getty; p. 10 (bottom) FAECIASP/NASA/Conicet of Argentina/Getty; p. 14 NASA/Hubble; p. 15 (top) Mim Friday/Alamy, (bottom) deviyanthi79/ Shutterstock; p. 17 Tristan3D/Shutterstock; p. 32 (top) Keystone/Getty, (bottom) PlusONE/Shutterstock; p. 39 Edwin R.Jones, University of South Carolina; p. 51 (right) northallertonman/Shutterstock, (left) W Bradley, Gooder Lane Ironworks, Brighouse/Creative Commons, (center) Alan Levenson/Getty; p. 56 Adam Hart-Davis/Science Photo Library; p. 66 (top) Science Photo Library, (bottom) Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge; p. 83 Yury Dmitrienko/Shutterstock; p. 98 Eric Schrader/Creative Commons; p. 107 miha de/Shutterstock; p. 112 Nigel Wood; p. 115 Emilio Segre Visual Archives/American Institute Of Physics/Science Photo Library; p. 118 Carolina Biological Supply; p. 123 denisk0/iStock; p. 131 Boris15/ Shutterstock; p. 136 RGB Ventures/SuperStock/Alamy; p. 137 NASA/CXC/ Caltech/M.Muno et al/Creative Commons; p. 138 (top) Stocktrek Images/ Alamy, (center) John Vickery and Jim Matthes/Adam Block/NOAO/AURA/ NSF, (bottom) DR. Rudolph Schild/Science Photo Library; p. 139 NASA/ CXC/Penn State/G. Chartas et al/NASA; p. 144 Javier Lorenzo, University of Alicante; p. 150 Nigel Wood; p. 152 USA Lilbrary Of Congress/Science Photo Library; p. 154 (top) Klinger Educational Products, (bottom) Shin Okamoto/ Shutterstock; p. 156 Jean Collombet/Science Photo Library; p. 159 Nigel Wood; p. 163 Nigel Wood; p. 168 Nigel Wood; p. 176 3B Scientific Limited; p. 187 Giphotostock/Science Photo Library; p. 206 Daniel W. Rickey/ Creative Commons; p. 207 (top right) Suttha Burawonk/Shutterstock, (center right) thailoei92/Shutterstock, (left) thailoei92/Shutterstock, (bottom right) EPSTOCK/Shutterstock; p. 208 Hank Frentz/Shutterstock; p. 210 Sovereign, ISM/Science Photo Library; p. 211 (right) Pr Michel Brauner/Science Photo Library, (left) Science Photo Library; p. 213 (top right) Michel Brauner/ISM/ Science Photo Library, (left) SMK4pix/Shutterstock, (right) Michel Brauner/ ISM/Science Photo Library; p. 216 Philippe Plailly/Science Photo Library; p. 217 Brian Bell/Science Photo Library; p. 220 Richard W. Thorpe; p. 221 (top) wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock, (center) stihii/Shutterstock, (bottom) studioloco/Shutterstock; p. 228 epa european pressphoto agency b.v./Alamy; p. 230 DR. Gary Settles/Science Photo Library; p. 231 hiloi/Shutterstock; p. 232 (top) ARENA Creative/Shutterstock, (bottom) Martin Cloutier/ Shutterstock; p. 236 1059SHU/Shutterstock; p. 241 Ken Edwards/Alamy; p. 242 Paul J Martin/Shutterstock; p. 244 Us Department of Energy/Science Photo Library; p. 247 Besto Instruments; p. 273 Falcon Acoustics. llustrations by: Laszlo Veres/Beehive Illustration: pp. 149 (right), 153 (top), 199 (top), 227 (bottom); Mark Duffin: p. 220 (bottom left); EMC: pp. 154 (center left), 158, 217 (top).